Editor’s note:Pedro is an intern at the Asser Institute and
currently studying the Erasmus Mundus Master Degree in Sports Ethics and
Integrity (KU Leuven et al.) He was one of the participants of the first
edition of the Summer Programme on Sports Governance and Human Rights.
In early September, the first Summer Programme on the Governance of Sport and
Human Rights took
place at the Asser Institute. During one week, various experts in the field
presented different lectures to a very diverse group of participants with a
wide range of professional backgrounds. Being a participant myself, I would
like to reflect on this one-week course and share what I learned.
Day I – Sport and human rights, more than a
current debate
Over the last few years, social media,
newspapers and academia have increasingly paid attention to the relationship
between sport and human rights. On this first day of the course, we had the
opportunity to understand the roots of this debate and its importance. Stephen Cockburn, Head of Economic and Social
Justice at Amnesty International and also lead on sport and human rights, took
us back to the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, when various civil society
organisations (CSOs) were already advocating respect for human rights in the
context of the tournament or even calling for a boycott of it. Stephen
underlined the critical role that CSOs have played in pushing for greater
respect for human rights in sport and how forty years after the World Cup in
Argentina, the same situations and demands are often replicated. In this
context, William Rook, Deputy Chief Executive and Chief
Operational Officer of the Centre for Sport and Human Rights
(CSHR) introduced
the work of his organisation. Reviewing the background of the organisation’s establishment,
as well as its vision for and mission in the sports industry, we were able to
understand the importance of this type of institution to exert pressure and
serve as a convening point between the different stakeholders. Finally, Dr Jörg Krieger closed the day with an overview of
the history of the human rights movement in sport. Dr Krieger explained to us
the fundamental role that human rights have played since the birth of sport and
the Olympic movement and how understanding this evolution can help us to
overcome the challenges we face today. Because as Winston Churchill wrote,
“those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it”.
At the end of this first day, all participants,
speakers, and colleagues of the Asser Institute were able to connect more during
an opening reception in a café in The Hague.
Day II – Integrating human rights in the
governance of sport
How are sports organisations integrating human
rights considerations and commitments into their governance? This was the central
question of the second day of the course, where Rachel Davis, Co-founder and Vice President of Shift,
brilliantly introduced the role that the UN Guiding Principles on Business and
Human Rights (UNGPs) are playing in the development of human rights policies in
sports organisations and especially in the organisation of sports events; aspects
that were later developed by Alison Biscoe, from CSHR, who explained the
process of creating a human rights policy and the challenges that come with it.
Before that, David Grevemberg, Chief Innovation and Partnerships
Officer of the CSHR, introduced the ecosystem of sport, providing an overview
of the different types of actors involved and interacting with each other.
These talks helped us to understand the complexity behind sport governance and
the obstacles that this ecosystem itself poses to the protection of human
rights. Finally, both Gijs de Jong, Secretary-General of the Royal
Netherlands Football Association (KNVB) and Dr Andreas Graf, Head of Human Rights &
Anti-Discrimination at FIFA, explained how both institutions are working to address
the human rights risks and impacts associated with their activities. De Jong
explained how the KNVB focuses on advocacy and social media campaigns to raise
awareness and Graf outlined how FIFA has focused its efforts on the development
of a human rights policy and the implementation of human rights due diligence
for the bidding, preparation and hosting of FIFA tournaments.
This day served to outline that although some
organisations such as FIFA or the KNVB are taking action with varying degrees
of success, there is still a long way ahead for most sport governing bodies to
adequately address their human rights impacts and live up to their
responsibility to respect human rights. The adoption of human rights policies
is only the first step and subsequent steps are necessary for the
implementation of these policies and to ensure that these policies are fully
integrated by the members of these organisations, whether at an international
or national level.
Day III – Human rights, Mega-Sporting Events
(MSEs) and Qatar 2022
If we talk about human rights and sport, the
first thing that comes to mind for many people is the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022
and the situation of migrant workers building the infrastructure for the
tournament. Therefore, the Qatar World Cup served as a case study on day three,
which was dedicated to mega-sporting events.
An introduction to MSEs, their organisation and their human rights
impacts was given by Dr Daniela Heerdt, which served as a basis for the
following presentation by Natasha da Silva, Senior Policy Executive at the Australian
Human Rights Commission. She presented the work that the Commission did for the
human rights risk assessment for the 2023 Women’s World Cup. The result was a
complex document that illustrates the different risks involved
in organising this event. The afternoon’s case study on the Qatar 2022 World
Cup included presentations by Mahmoud Qutub (Supreme Committee for Delivery and
Legacy), Ambet Yuson (BWI), Mustafa Qadri (Equidem) and Dr Andreas Graf (FIFA). It was an enriching
experience to listen in the same room the differing points of view and the
approaches that each one uses to minimise (somehow) the negative impacts of the
World Cup organisation.
Day IV – Athletes’ rights at FIFPro
After three days on the premises of the Asser
Institute, we headed to the city of Hoofddorp, where FIFPro’s headquarters are
located. There, different representatives of FIFPro presented the work of the
organisation, how it is structured and functioning, as well as the different
projects they have been involved in to advance the rights of professional
football players. The topics varied, but always with athletes’ rights as the red
thread. Andrea Florence, director of the Sports and Rights
Alliance, also presented on the issue of child athletes and abuse in the
sporting context. In my view, the most interesting part of the day came in the
afternoon. Alexandra Gomez-Bruinewoud presented several cases that FIFPro
has worked on or is currently working on. Afterwards, the participants were
divided into groups and were asked to work on these cases and propose solutions
to vindicate the rights of the players concerned. Thanks to this exercise, we
realised how difficult it is to defend athletes’ rights and the complex
institutional constraints and legal intricacies that must be navigated to uphold
their rights. The day ended with a reception in FIFPro’s lounge, where we could
chat with members of the organisation and share experiences and contacts.
Day V – Access to remedy
The three pillars of the UNGPs are “respect,
protect and remedy”. For four days, we paid attention to the first two
concepts, so the last day of the programme was logically focused on the remedy
pillar. Both Dr Daniela Heerdt and Dr Antoine Duval introduced and defined the concept
of remedy, as well as the deficiencies of the current sport system in order to
address sport-related human rights harms. Including the ineffective role of the
Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS) in remedying sport-related human rights harms.
To illustrate this, Patrick Bracher, director of Norton Rose Fulbright South
Africa, illustrated the problems and difficulties involved in defending the
rights of South African athlete Caster Semenya at the CAS and the Swiss Federal
Tribunal. Finally, Florian Yelin, Head of Policy and Research at the
World Player Association, presented the work that World Players has been doing
and its proposal for an arbitration system outside the CAS. This mechanism attempts
to alleviate the deficits of the CAS and serve as an alternative. However, it
is still in the development phase, and it remains to be seen whether it will be
able to become a real alternative in the future.
In a final and informal session of the course,
all participants could freely share with the main coordinator of the course, Dr
Daniela Heerdt, our opinion on the past days, what we have learned, what we
enjoyed and what aspects of the course could be improved.
Final thoughts
News, conferences, tweets, academic articles...
different are the sources that tell us about the role of human rights in sport.
During years of studying this subject, I always missed a course that addressed
this subject from both a theoretical and practical point of view. Being able to
participate in the Summer Programme has been an enriching opportunity for me. I
am not just talking about intellectual enrichment, as the amount of information
and lessons learned has exceeded my expectations. I go beyond that. Sharing a
week of learning with people from different nationalities, ages, cultures or
professional backgrounds brings much more than hours of reading in front of the
screen. When a group of individuals share the same interests and decide to
invest their time and resources in learning about human rights and sport, the
likelihood of learning increases exponentially. Over the course of five days, a
community was created at the Asser Institute where people could discuss any
topic, contrast different positions, challenge the speakers and, of course,
share moments of laughter and anecdotes. And the latter is what the programme
has given me the most. Meeting a magnificent group of professionals who, in
their day-to-day work, fight for sport to have a positive impact on the human
rights of all those who are part of its ecosystem.